Calcareous tufa comprises carbonated rocks typical of relatively wet and warm conditions. Part of its chemical composition depends on the intensity of temperature and humidity conditions. Its distribution over time and chemistry can thus be used to recognise and compare interglacial and interstadial (warm and wet) periods as done here in Morocco and southern Spain. Such information allows better understanding of our current interglacial and the impact of climate changes on environments.

Flohn's publication discusses the state of knowledge of the Pleistocene climate from the perspective of atmospheric sciences, which in 1963 was mainly based on geological and geomorphological evidence. The paper discusses to what extent Flohn's conclusions are still valid and how new findings, methods, and ideas have added to our present-day picture of the Pleistocene climate.

This paper reconstructs climatic changes during the last 2600 years in southern Greece based on a sediment core from Lake Trichonida. We provide an age-depth model and continuous geochemical data. Carbonate-rich material is linked to drier/warmer conditions, while terrigenous sediment input was stronger during wetter/colder conditions. Wetter phases coincide with a more negative North Atlantic Oscillation index, suggesting that this is a major driver for precipitation variability in the region.