Articles | Volume 70, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-105-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-105-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 May 2021
Research article |
| 20 May 2021
| 20 May 2021
A composite 10Be, IR-50 and 14C chronology of the pre-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) full ice extent of the western Patagonian Ice Sheet on the Isla de Chiloé, south Chile (42° S)
Instituto de Geografía, Facultad de Historia, Geografía y
Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña
Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, 782-0436, Chile
Christopher Lüthgens
Institute for Applied Geology, University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, 1190, Austria
Rodrigo M. Vega
Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5091000, Chile
Ángel Rodés
Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
Andrew S. Hein
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9XP, UK
Steven A. Binnie
Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie,
Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 49b, Gebäude 310, 50674,
Köln, Germany
Related authors
Jan H. Schween, Camilo del Rio, Juan-Luis García, Pablo Osses, Sarah Westbrook, and Ulrich Löhnert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12241–12267, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine stratocumulus clouds of the eastern Pacific play an essential role in the Earth's climate. These clouds form the major source of water to parts of the extreme dry Atacama Desert at the northern coast of Chile. For the first time these clouds are observed over a whole year with three remote sensing instruments. It is shown how these clouds are influenced by the land–sea wind system and the distribution of ocean temperatures.
Joel Mohren, Hendrik Wiesel, Wulf Amelung, L. Keith Fifield, Alexandra Sandhage-Hofmann, Erik Strub, Steven A. Binnie, Stefan Heinze, Elmarie Kotze, Chris Du Preez, Stephen G. Tims, and Tibor J. Dunai
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1312, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1312, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured concentrations of fallout radionuclides (FRNs) in soil samples taken from arable land in South Africa. We find that during the second half of the 20th century CE, the FRN data strongly correlate with the soil organic matter (SOM) content of the soils. The finding implies that wind erosion strongly influenced SOM loss in the soils we investigated. Furthermore, the exponential decline of FRN concentrations and SOM content over time peaks shortly after native grassland is cultivated.
W. Marijn van der Meij, Arnaud J. A. M. Temme, Steven A. Binnie, and Tony Reimann
Geochronology, 5, 241–261, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-241-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-241-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present our model ChronoLorica. We coupled the original Lorica model, which simulates soil and landscape evolution, with a geochronological module that traces cosmogenic nuclide inventories and particle ages through simulations. These properties are often measured in the field to determine rates of landscape change. The coupling enables calibration of the model and the study of how soil, landscapes and geochronometers change under complex boundary conditions such as intensive land management.
Julien A. Bodart, Robert G. Bingham, Duncan A. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, David W. Ashmore, Enrica Quartini, Andrew S. Hein, David G. Vaughan, and Donald D. Blankenship
The Cryosphere, 17, 1497–1512, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1497-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1497-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating how West Antarctica will change in response to future climatic change depends on our understanding of past ice processes. Here, we use a reflector widely visible on airborne radar data across West Antarctica to estimate accumulation rates over the past 4700 years. By comparing our estimates with current atmospheric data, we find that accumulation rates were 18 % greater than modern rates. This has implications for our understanding of past ice processes in the region.
Jacob Hardt, Nadav Nir, Christopher Lüthgens, Thomas M. Menn, and Brigitta Schütt
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 72, 37–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-72-37-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-72-37-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the geomorphological and geological characteristics of the archaeological sites Hawelti–Melazo and the surroundings. We performed sedimentological analyses, as well as direct (luminescence) and indirect (radiocarbon) sediment dating, to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental conditions, which we integrated into the wider context of Tigray.
Tancrède P. M. Leger, Andrew S. Hein, Ángel Rodés, Robert G. Bingham, Irene Schimmelpfennig, Derek Fabel, Pablo Tapia, and ASTER Team
Clim. Past, 19, 35–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-35-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-35-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past 800 thousand years, variations in the Earth’s orbit and tilt have caused antiphased solar insolation intensity in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Paradoxically, glacial records suggest that global ice sheets have responded synchronously to major cold glacial and warm interglacial episodes. To address this puzzle, we present a new detailed glacier chronology that estimates the timing of multiple Patagonian ice-sheet waxing and waning cycles over the past 300 thousand years.
Jan H. Schween, Camilo del Rio, Juan-Luis García, Pablo Osses, Sarah Westbrook, and Ulrich Löhnert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12241–12267, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine stratocumulus clouds of the eastern Pacific play an essential role in the Earth's climate. These clouds form the major source of water to parts of the extreme dry Atacama Desert at the northern coast of Chile. For the first time these clouds are observed over a whole year with three remote sensing instruments. It is shown how these clouds are influenced by the land–sea wind system and the distribution of ocean temperatures.
Christopher Lüthgens and Jacob Hardt
DEUQUA Spec. Pub., 4, 29–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-4-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-4-29-2022, 2022
Tibor János Dunai, Steven Andrew Binnie, and Axel Gerdes
Geochronology, 4, 65–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop in situ-produced terrestrial cosmogenic krypton as a new tool to date and quantify Earth surface processes, the motivation being the availability of six stable isotopes and one radioactive isotope (81Kr, half-life 229 kyr) and of an extremely weathering-resistant target mineral (zircon). We provide proof of principle that terrestrial Krit can be quantified and used to unravel Earth surface processes.
Sandra M. Braumann, Joerg M. Schaefer, Stephanie M. Neuhuber, Christopher Lüthgens, Alan J. Hidy, and Markus Fiebig
Clim. Past, 17, 2451–2479, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2451-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2451-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier reconstructions provide insights into past climatic conditions and elucidate processes and feedbacks that modulate the climate system both in the past and present. We investigate the transition from the last glacial to the current interglacial and generate beryllium-10 moraine chronologies in glaciated catchments of the eastern European Alps. We find that rapid warming was superimposed by centennial-scale cold phases that appear to have influenced large parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Christopher Lüthgens, Daniela Sauer, and Michael Zech
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 69, 261–262, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-261-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-261-2021, 2021
Joel Mohren, Steven A. Binnie, Gregor M. Rink, Katharina Knödgen, Carlos Miranda, Nora Tilly, and Tibor J. Dunai
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 995–1020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-995-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-995-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we comprehensively test a method to derive soil densities under fieldwork conditions. The method is mainly based on images taken from consumer-grade cameras. The obtained soil/sediment densities reflect
truevalues by generally > 95 %, even if a smartphone is used for imaging. All computing steps can be conducted using freeware programs. Soil density is an important variable in the analysis of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides, for example to infer long-term soil production rates.
Christopher Lüthgens, Jacob Hardt, and Margot Böse
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 69, 201–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-201-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-201-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our new concept of the Weichselian ice dynamics in the south-western sector of the Baltic Sea depression is based on existing geochronological data from Germany, Denmark and southernmost Sweden, as well as new data from north-east Germany. Previous models are mainly based on the reconstruction of morphologically continuous ice-marginal positions, whereas our model shows a strong lobate and variable character of ice advances. We strongly suggest an age- and process-based approach in the future.
Christopher Lüthgens, Daniela Sauer, Michael Zech, Becky Briant, Eleanor Brown, Elisabeth Dietze, Markus Fuchs, Nicole Klasen, Sven Lukas, Jan-Hendrik May, Julia Meister, Tony Reimann, Gilles Rixhon, Zsófia Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger, Bernhard Salcher, Tobias Sprafke, Ingmar Unkel, Hans von Suchodoletz, and Christian Zeeden
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 68, 243–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-68-243-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-68-243-2020, 2020
Keir A. Nichols, Brent M. Goehring, Greg Balco, Joanne S. Johnson, Andrew S. Hein, and Claire Todd
The Cryosphere, 13, 2935–2951, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2935-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2935-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the history of ice masses at three locations in the Weddell Sea Embayment, Antarctica. We measured rare isotopes in material sourced from mountains overlooking the Slessor Glacier, Foundation Ice Stream, and smaller glaciers on the Lassiter Coast. We show that ice masses were between 385 and 800 m thicker during the last glacial cycle than they are at present. The ice masses were both hundreds of metres thicker and remained thicker closer to the present than was previously thought.
Philipp Marr, Stefan Winkler, Steven A. Binnie, and Jörg Löffler
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 68, 165–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-68-165-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-68-165-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is about deglaciation history in two areas of southern Norway. By dating rock surfaces we can estimate a minimum ice sheet thickness of 1476 m a.s.l. and a timing of deglaciation around 13 000 years ago in the western study area. In the eastern study area the deglaciation history is complex as the bedrock age most likely has inheritance from earlier ice-free periods. Comparing both study areas demonstrates the complex dynamics of the deglaciation in different areas in southern Norway.
Christopher Lüthgens and Margot Böse
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 67, 85–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-85-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-85-2019, 2019
Elizabeth H. Dingle, Hugh D. Sinclair, Mikaël Attal, Ángel Rodés, and Vimal Singh
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 611–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-611-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-611-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present 18 new cosmogenic radionuclide samples collected from modern river sand and dated Holocene terrace and floodplain deposits from the Ganga River at the Himalayan mountain front, which display a notable degree of temporal variability. This variability is explored using field observations and numerical and statistical analysis. We propose that the observed variability is driven by the nature of stochastic inputs of sediment and the evacuation timescales of individual sediment deposits.
Esther Hintersberger, Kurt Decker, Johanna Lomax, and Christopher Lüthgens
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 531–553, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-531-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-531-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Vienna Basin is a low seismicity area, where historical data do not identify all potential earthquake sources. Despite observed Quaternary offset, there are no earthquakes along the Markgrafneusiedl Fault (MF). Results from 3 palaeoseismic trenches show evidence for 5–6 earthquakes with magnitudes up to M = 6.8 during the last 120 kyr. Therefore the MF should be considered as a seismic source, together with similar faults in the Vienna Basin, increasing the seismic potential close to Vienna.
Related subject area
Quaternary geology
Towards a quantitative lithostratigraphy of Pleistocene glaciofluvial deposits in the southern Upper Rhine Graben
The Eemian Stage interglacial marine transgression in the south-western Baltic region
Age and formation of the presumed Late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene Mühlbach formation, High Rhine Valley, southwest Germany
Subglacial deformation and till formation in a stratigraphic complex Late Pleistocene sequence (Einödgraben/Aurach, Kitzbühel Alps, Austria)
Loess formation and chronology at the Palaeolithic key site Rheindahlen, Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany
Subglacial hydrology from high-resolution ice-flow simulations of the Rhine Glacier during the Last Glacial Maximum: a proxy for glacial erosion
The past is the key to the future – considering Pleistocene subglacial erosion for the minimum depth of a radioactive waste repository
Comparison of overdeepened structures in formerly glaciated areas of the northern Alpine foreland and northern central Europe
Tunnel valleys in the southeastern North Sea: more data, more complexity
The lithostratigraphic formations of the coastal Holocene in NE Germany – a synthesis
Morpho-sedimentary characteristics of Holocene paleochannels in the Upper Rhine alluvial plain, France
Two glaciers and one sedimentary sink: the competing role of the Aare and the Valais glaciers in filling an overdeepened trough inferred from provenance analysis
A tribute to Narr (1952): On the stratigraphy of Upper Palaeolithic types and type groups
A tribute to Fink (1956): On the correlation of terraces and loesses in Austria
A tribute to Schwarzbach (1968): Recent ice age hypotheses
A tribute to Boenigk (1978): The fluvial development of the Lower Rhine Basin during the late Tertiary and early Quaternary
Der späteiszeitliche Tüttensee-Komplex als Ergebnis der Abschmelzgeschichte am Ostrand des Chiemsee-Gletschers und sein Bezug zum „Chiemgau Impakt“ (Landkreis Traunstein, Oberbayern)
The multistage structural development of the Upper Weichselian Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex (Rügen, NE Germany)
The formation of Middle and Upper Pleistocene terraces (Übergangsterrassen and Hochterrassen) in the Bavarian Alpine Foreland – new numeric dating results (ESR, OSL, 14C) and gastropod fauna analysis
Lukas Gegg, Felicitas A. Griebling, Nicole Jentz, and Ulrike Wielandt-Schuster
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 73, 239–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-73-239-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-73-239-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The subdivision and distinction of gravel units is an important tool in terrestrial Quaternary stratigraphy but can be challenging. Here, we investigate the glaciofluvial infill of the Upper Rhine Graben as an archive of recurring Alpine glaciations. With the help of statistical approaches, we identify differences in petrographic compositions, thereby differentiating two units that are likely representative of the last and penultimate glaciation, which have previously been difficult to pinpoint.
Philip Leonard Gibbard and Karen Luise Knudsen
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 73, 217–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-73-217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-73-217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents an investigation of three sequences of marine and associated deposits in the south-west Baltic area. Pollen, foraminiferal and ostracod analyses indicate sea-level change. Chronology is based on the Bispingen lake deposits in Germany. Freshwater lakes occurred first in the basin followed by marine inundation. Linking the German sequences to those in the Baltic shows that the Eemian transgression passed through Germany and the Kattegat by connections to the North Sea.
Alexander Fülling, Hans Rudolf Graf, Felix Martin Hofmann, Daniela Mueller, and Frank Preusser
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 73, 203–216, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-73-203-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-73-203-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Mühlbach series has been given as evidence for a Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene Aare–Rhine fluvial system in northern Switzerland and southwest Germany. We show that these deposits represent a variety of different units. At the type location, luminescence dating indicates an age of 55 ka, and we interpret the deposits as slope reworking. Beside methodological implications, our studies recommend caution regarding the interpretation of stratigraphic units for which limited data are available.
Jürgen M. Reitner and John Menzies
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 73, 101–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-73-101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-73-101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of subglacial conditions is of great relevance for understanding glacier dynamics. A combination of micro- and macrosedimentological analysis of diamictons and deformation structures can form the basis for the reconstruction of past subglacial conditions. We present the results of such a study on subglacial tills in the Kitzbühel Alps (Tyrol, Austria). Our study demonstrates the need for a reinvestigation of deposits in respect of genesis and importance for the glacial record.
Martin Kehl, Katharina Seeger, Stephan Pötter, Philipp Schulte, Nicole Klasen, Mirijam Zickel, Andreas Pastoors, and Erich Claßen
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 73, 41–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-73-41-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-73-41-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The loess–palaeosol sequence (LPS) at Rheindahlen provides a detailed sedimentary archive of past climate change. Furthermore, it contains Palaeolithic find horizons indicating repeated occupations by Neanderthals. The age of loess layers and the timing of human occupation are a matter of strong scientific debate. We present new data to shed light on formation processes and deposition ages. Previous chronostratigraphic estimates are revised providing a reliable chronostratigraphic framework .
Denis Cohen, Guillaume Jouvet, Thomas Zwinger, Angela Landgraf, and Urs H. Fischer
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 72, 189–201, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-72-189-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-72-189-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During glacial times in Switzerland, glaciers of the Alps excavated valleys in low-lying regions that were later filled with sediment or water. How glaciers eroded these valleys is not well understood because erosion occurred near ice margins where ice moved slowly and was present for short times. Erosion is linked to the speed of ice and to water flowing under it. Here we present a model that estimates the location of water channels beneath the ice and links these locations to zones of erosion.
Sonja Breuer, Anke Bebiolka, Vera Noack, and Jörg Lang
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 72, 113–125, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-72-113-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-72-113-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our work presented here deals with the impact of deep glacial erosion forms and their effect on the safety of a possible repository for highly radioactive waste. In past ice ages, glaciers have formed deep tunnel valleys. We assume that similar depths of erosion can be reached in future ice ages. This must be taken into account in the safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories. We have calculated a new depth zone map from maps and data based on records from the Pleistocene.
Lukas Gegg and Frank Preusser
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 72, 23–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-72-23-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-72-23-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Erosion processes below glacier ice have carved large and deep basins in the landscapes surrounding mountain ranges as well as polar regions. With our comparison, we show that these two groups of basins are very similar in their shapes and sizes. However, open questions still remain especially regarding the sediments that later fill up these basins. We aim to stimulate future research and promote exchange between researchers working around the Alps and the northern central European lowlands.
Arne Lohrberg, Jens Schneider von Deimling, Henrik Grob, Kai-Frederik Lenz, and Sebastian Krastel
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 71, 267–274, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-267-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-267-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an update on the distribution of tunnel valleys in the southeastern North Sea between Amrum and Heligoland based on active seismic data. Our results demonstrate that very dense grids of seismic profiles are needed to understand the distribution and the formation of tunnel valleys in a given region. We also demonstrate that acquiring offshore active seismic data is time- and cost-effective to learn more about the formation and filling of tunnel valleys in different geological settings.
Reinhard Lampe
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 71, 249–265, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-249-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-249-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The depositional sequences of all types of coastal sediments which accumulated during the Holocene sea-level rise along the NE German coast and in the inner coastal waters are comprehensively described and classified into four formations and two subformations. Their detailed characterisation and chronostratigraphic correlation are an important addition to the only brief definition given in the LithoLex database of the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR).
Mubarak Abdulkarim, Stoil Chapkanski, Damien Ertlen, Haider Mahmood, Edward Obioha, Frank Preusser, Claire Rambeau, Ferréol Salomon, Marco Schiemann, and Laurent Schmitt
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 71, 191–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We used a combination of remote sensing, field investigations, and laboratory analysis to map and characterize abandoned river channels within the French Upper Rhine alluvial plain. Our results show five major paleochannel groups with significant differences in their pattern, morphological characteristics, and sediment filling. The formation of these paleochannel groups is attributed to significant changes in environmental processes in the area during the last ~ 11 700 years.
Michael A. Schwenk, Laura Stutenbecker, Patrick Schläfli, Dimitri Bandou, and Fritz Schlunegger
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 71, 163–190, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the origin of glacial sediments in the Bern area to determine their route of transport either with the Aare Glacier or the Valais Glacier. These two ice streams are known to have joined in the Bern area during the last major glaciation (ca. 20 000 years ago). However, little is known about the ice streams prior to this last glaciation. Here we collected evidence that during a glaciation about 250 000 years ago the Aare Glacier dominated the area as documented in the deposits.
Nicholas J. Conard
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 70, 213–216, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-213-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-213-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Karl J. Narr's paper on the stratigraphy of Upper Palaeolithic artefact types and cultural groups from 1952 synthesized the state of research in the early 1950s. Narr's singular focus on cultural history is instructive in terms of both the history of research and as a reflection of what the goals of Palaeolithic archaeology could and should be today.
Tobias Sprafke
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 70, 221–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-221-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-221-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work is an invited retrospective to the seminal paper of Fink (1956). Fink combined field evidence from geology, geomorphology, and soil science to provide a holistic framework of Quaternary stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental evolution in the Austrian Alpine foreland. This paper is an outstanding example of the relevance of interdisciplinary perspectives to understand landscape evolution. With a few exceptions in detail, the findings of Fink remain largely valid until today.
Jürgen Ehlers
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 70, 235–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-235-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-235-2021, 2021
Philip L. Gibbard
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 70, 251–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is an appraisal of the article by Wolfgang Boenigk published in Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart in 1978.
Robert Huber, Robert Darga, and Hans Lauterbach
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 69, 93–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-93-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-93-2020, 2020
Anna Gehrmann
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 69, 59–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-59-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-59-2020, 2020
Gerhard Schellmann, Patrick Schielein, Wolfgang Rähle, and Christoph Burow
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 68, 141–164, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-68-141-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-68-141-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents ESR, OSL and C-14 data from Upper and Middle Pleistocene fluvial terraces (Übergangsterrassen, Hochterrassen) and its loess cover in the Bavarian Alpine Foreland. It will be illustrated that the ESR dating of embedded land-snail shells offers a new dating approach with an upper dating limit most probably much older than the penultimate interglacial (MIS 7). Furthermore, it shows that in some areas Hochterrassen gravels are underlain by older interglacial gravel deposits.
Cited articles
Adamiec, G. and Aitken, M.: Dose-rate conversion factors: update, Ancient TL,
16, 37–50, 1998.
Andersen, B. G., Denton, G. H., and Lowell, T. V.: Glacial geomorphologic maps of Llanquihue drift in the area of the southern Lake District, Chile,
Geogr. Ann. A, 81, 155–166, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00056, 1999.
Auclair, M., Lamothe, M., and Huot, S.: Measurement of anomalous fading for
feldspar IRSL using SAR, Radiat. Meas., 37, 487–492,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(03)00018-0, 2003.
Balco, G., Stone, J. O., Lifton, N. A., and Dunai, T. J.: A complete and
easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion
rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements,
Quat. Geochronol., 3, 174–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2007.12.001, 2008.
Barcaza, G., Nussbaumer, S. U., Tapia, G., Valdés, J., García, J. L.,
Videla, Y., Albornoz, A., and Arias, V.: Glacier inventory and recent glacier
variations in the Andes of Chile, South America, Ann. Glaciol., 58,
166–180, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.28, 2017.
Bentley, M. J.: Relative and radiocarbon chronology of two former glaciers in
the Chilean Lake District, J. Quaternary Sci., 12, 25–33,
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199701/02)12:1<25::AID-JQS289>3.0.CO;2-A, 1997.
Bierman, P. R., Caffee, M. W., Davies, P. D., Marsella, K., Pavich, M.,
Colgan, P., Mickelson, D., and Larsen, J.: Rates and Timing of Earth Surface
Processes From In Situ-Produced Cosmogenic Be-10,
Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 50, 147–205, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2002.50.4, 2002.
Blomdin, R., Murray, A., Thomsen, K., Buylaert, J.-P., Sohbati, R., Jansson,
K., and Alexanderson, H.: Timing of the deglaciation in southern Patagonia:
Testing the applicability of K-Feldspar IRSL, Quat. Geochronol., 10,
264–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2012.02.019, 2012.
Bøtter-Jensen, L., Bulur, E., Duller, G., and Murray, A.: Advances in
luminescence instrument systems, Radiat. Meas., 32, 523–528,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(00)00039-1, 2000.
Bøtter-Jensen, L., Andersen, C., Duller, G., and Murray, A.: Developments
in radiation, stimulation and observation facilities in luminescence
measurements, Radiat. Meas., 37, 535–541, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(03)00020-9, 2003.
Cunningham, A. and Wallinga, J.: Realizing the potential of fluvial archives
using robust OSL chronologies, Quat. Geochronol., 12, 98–106,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2012.05.007, 2012.
Dalton, A. S., Finkelstein, S. A., Forman, S. L., Barnett, P. J.,
Pico, T., and Mitrovica, J. X.: Was the Laurentide Ice Sheet significantly
reduced during Marine Isotope Stage 3? Geology, 47, 111–114, https://doi.org/10.1130/G45335.1, 2019.
Darvill, C. M., Bentley, M. J., Stokes, C. R., Hein, A. S., and Rodés, A.: Extensive MIS 3 glaciation in southernmost Patagonia revealed by cosmogenic nuclide dating of outwash sediments, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 429, 157–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.030, 2015.
Darvill, C. M., Bentley, M. J., Stokes, C. R., and Shulmeister, J.: The timing and
cause of glacial advances in the southern mid-latitudes during the last
glacial cycle based on a synthesis of exposure ages from Patagonia and New Zealand, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 149, 200–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.024, 2016.
Davies, B. J., Darvill, C. M., Lovell, H., Bendle, J. M., Dowdeswell, J. A., Fabel, D., García, J.-L., Geiger, A., Glasser, N. F., Gheorghiu, D. M., Harrison, S., Hein, A. S., Kaplan, M. R., Martin, J. R. V., Mendelova. M., Palmer, A., Pelto, M., Rodés, A., Sagredo, E. A., Smedley, R., Smellie, J. L., and Thorndycraft, V. R.: The evolution of the Patagonian Ice Sheet from 35 ka to the present day (PATICE), Earth-Sci. Rev., 204, 103152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103152, 2020.
Denton, G. H., Heusser, C. J., Lowell, T. V., Moreno, P. I., Andersen, B. G.,
Heusser, L. E., Schlühter, C., and Marchant, D. R.:
Interhemispheric linkage of paleoclimate during the last glaciation,
Geogr. Ann. A, 81, 107–153, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00055, 1999a.
Denton, G. H., Lowell, T. V., Moreno, P. I., Andersen, B. G., and
Schlühter, C.: Geomorphology, stratigraphy, and radiocarbon chronology of Llanquihue Drift in the area of the Southern Lake
District, Seno de Reloncaví and Isla Grande de Chiloé, Geogr. Ann. A, 81, 167–229, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00057, 1999b.
Dewald, A., Heinze, S., Jolie, J., Zilges, A., Dunai, T., Rethemeyer, J.,
Melles, M., Staubwasser, M., Kuczewski, B., Richter, J., Radtke, U., von Blanckenburg, F., and Klein, M.: CologneAMS, a dedicated center for accelerator mass spectrometry in Germany, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 294, 18–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2012.04.030, 2013.
Doughty, A. M., Schaefer, J. M., Putnam, A. E., Denton, G. H., Kaplan,
M. R., Barrell, D. J. A., Andersen, B. G., Kelley, S. E., Finkel, R. C., and Schwartz, R.: Mismatch of glacier extent and summer insolation in Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, Geology, 43, 407–410, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36477.1, 2015.
Duller, G. A. T.: Single grain optical dating of glacigenic deposits,
Quat. Geochronol., 1, 296–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2006.05.018, 2006.
Evans, D. J. A. and Twigg, D. R.: The active temperate glacial landsystem: a
model based on Breiðamerkurjökull and Fjallsjökull, Iceland,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 2143–2177, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00019-7, 2002.
Evans, D. J. A., Phillips, E. R., Hiemstra, J. F., and Auton, C. A.: Subglacial till: formation, sedimentary characteristics and classification, Earth-Sci. Rev., 78, 115–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.04.001, 2006.
Eyles, N., Eyles, C. H., and Miall, A. D.: Lithofacies types and vertical
profile models, an alternative approach to the description and environmental
interpretation of glacial diamict and diamictite sequences, Sedimentology,
30, 393–410, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1983.tb00679.x, 1983.
Galbraith, R., Roberts, R., Laslett, G., Yoshida, H., and Olley, J.: Optical
dating of single and multiple grains of Quartz from Jinmium rock shelter,
northern Australia: Part I, experimental design and statistical models,
Archaeometry, 41, 339–364, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1999.tb00987.x, 1999.
García, J.-L.: Late Pleistocene ice fluctuations and glacial
geomorphology of the Archipiélago de Chiloé, southern Chile,
Geogr. Ann. A, 94, 459–479, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2012.00471.x, 2012.
García, J.-L., Hein, A. S., Binnie, S. A., Gómez, G. A., González, M. A., and Dunai, T. J.: The MIS 3 maximum of the Torres del Paine and Última
Esperanza ice lobes in Patagonia and the pacing of southern mountain
glaciation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 185, 9–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.01.013, 2018.
García, J.-L., Maldonado, A., de Porras, M. E., Nuevo Delaunay, A.,
Reyes, O., Ebensperger, C. A., Binnie, S. A., Lüthgens, C., and
Méndez, C.: Early deglaciation and paleolake history of Río Cisnes
Glacier, Patagonian Ice Sheet (44∘ S), Quaternary Res., 91,
194–217, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.93, 2019.
Garreaud, R. D.: Precipitation and circulation covariability in the
extratropics, J. Climate, 20, 4789–4797, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4257.1, 2007.
Garreaud, R. D., Vuille, M., Compagnucci, R., and Marengo, J.: Present-day South America climate, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 281, 180–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.10.032, 2009.
Garreaud, R. D., Lopez, P., Minvielle, M., and Rojas, M.: Large-scale control on the patagonian Climate, J. Climate, 26, 215–230, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00001.1, 2013.
Glasser, N., Harrison, S., Ivy-Ochs, S., Duller, G., and Kubik, P.: Evidence
from the Rio Bayo valley on the extent of the north Patagonian ice field
during the late Pleistocene-Holocene transition, Quaternary Res., 65,
70–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.002, 2006.
Harrison, S., Glasser, N., Winchester, V., Haresign, E., Warren, C., Duller,
G., Bailey, R., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jansson, P., and Kubik, P.: Glaciar León,
Chilean Patagonia: late-Holocene chronology and geomorphology, Holocene,
18, 643–652, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683607086771, 2008.
Hein, A. S.: Quaternary Glaciations in the Lago Pueyrredon Valley, Argentina,
PhD thesis, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2009.
Hein, A. S., Hulton, N. R. J., Dunai, T. J., Schnabel, C., Kaplan, M. R., Naylor, M., and Xu, S.: Middle Pleistocene glaciation in Patagonia dated by
cosmogenic-nuclide measurements on outwash gravels, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 286, 184–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.026, 2009.
Heusser, C. J. and Flint, R. F.: Quaternary glaciations and environments of
northern Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile, Geology, 5, 305–308, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<305:QGAEON>2.0.CO;2, 1977.
Heusser, C. J., Lowell, T. V., Heusser, L. E., Hauser, A., Andersen, B. G., and Denton, G. H.: Full-glacial–late-glacial palaeoclimate of the Southern
Andes: evidence from pollen, beetle, and glacial records, J. Quaternary Sci., 11, 173–184, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199605/06)11:3<173::AID-JQS237>3.0.CO;2-5, 1996.
Heusser, C. J., Heusser, L. E., and Lowell, T. V.: Paleoecology of the southern
Chilean Lake District – Isla Grande de Chiloé during middle-Late
Llanquihue glaciation and deglaciation, Geogr. Ann. A, 81, 231–284, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00058, 1999.
Hidy, A. J., Gosse, J. C., Pederson, J. L., Mattern, J. P., and Finkel, R.
C.: A geologically constrained Monte Carlo approach to modeling
exposure ages from profiles of cosmogenic nuclides: An example from Lees
Ferry, Arizona, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 11, Q0AA10,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003084, 2010.
Hogg, A. G., Hua, Q., Blackwell, P. G., Niu, M., Buck, C. E., Guilderson, T. P., Heaton, T. J., Palmer, J. G., Reimer, P. J., Reimer, R. W., Turney, C. S. M., and Zimmerman, S. R. H.: SHCal13 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 0–50 000 Years cal BP, Radiocarbon, 55, 1889–1903, https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16783, 2013.
Hubbard, A., Hein, A. S., Kaplan, M. R., Hulton, N. R. J., and Glasser, N.: A
reconstruction of the late glacial maximum ice sheet and its deglaciation in
the vicinity of the Northern Patagonian Icefield, South America,
Geogr. Ann. A, 87, 375–391, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.2005.00264.x, 2005.
Huntley, D. and Baril, M.: The K content of the K-feldspars being measured in
optical and thermoluminescence dating, Ancient TL, 15, 11–13, 1997.
Huntley, D. and Lamothe, M.: Ubiquity of anomalous fading in K-feldspars
and the measurement and correction for it in optical dating,
Can. J. Earth Sci., 38, 1093–1106, https://doi.org/10.1139/e01-013, 2001.
Ivy-Ochs, S., Kerschner, H., Reuther, A., Preusser, F., Heine, K., Maisch,
M., Kubik, P. W., and Schlüchter, C.: Chronology of the last glacial cycle in the European Alps, J. Quaternary Sci., 23, 559–573, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1202, 2008.
Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G. Falourd,S., Hoffmann, G. Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gallet, J. C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Luethi, D., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Selmo, E., Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J. P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F., Tison, J. L., Werner, M., and Wolff, E. W.: Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800 000 years, Science, 317, 793–796, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141038, 2007.
Kaiser, J. and Lamy, F.: Links between Patagonian Ice Sheet fluctuations and
Antarctic dust variability during the last glacial period (MIS 4-2), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 1464–1471, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.005,
2010.
Kaiser, J., Lamy, F., and Hebblen, D.: A 70 kyr sea surface temperature
record off southern Chile (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1233),
Paleoceanography, 20, PA4009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001146, 2005.
Kaplan, M. R., Strelin, J. A., Schaefer, J. M., Denton, G. H., Finkel, R. C., Schwartz, R., Putnam, A. E., Vandergoes, M. J., Goehring, B. M., and Travis, S. G.: In-situ cosmogenic 10Be production rate at Lago Argentino, Patagonia: implications for late-glacial climate chronology, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 309, 21–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.06.018, 2011.
Kelley, S. E., Kaplan, M. R., Schaefer, J. M., Andersen, B. G., Barrell, D. J. A., Putnam, A. E., Denton, G. H., Schwartz, R., Finkel, R. C., and Doughty, A. M.: High-precision 10Be chronology of moraines in the Southern Alps indicates synchronous cooling in Antarctica and New Zealand 42 000 years ago, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 405, 194–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.031, 2014.
Kohl, C. P. and Nishiizumi, K.: Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement
of in-situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 56, 3583–3587, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90401-4, 1992.
Kreutzer, S., Schmidt, C., Fuchs, M., Dietze, M., and Fuchs, M.: Introducing
an R package for luminescence dating analysis, Ancient TL, 30, 1–8, 2012.
Kulig G.: Erstellung einer Auswertesoftware zur Altersbestimmung mittels
Lumineszenzverfahren unter spezieller Berücksichtigung des Einflusses
radioaktiver Ungleichgewichte in der 238U-Zerfallsreihe, B.Sc. thesis,
Technische Universität Bergakademie, Freiberg, Germany, 35 pp., 2005.
Lal, D.: Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in-situ nuclide production
rates and erosion models, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 104,
424–439, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90220-C, 1991.
Lambert, F., Delmonte, B., Petit, J., Bigler, M., Kaufmann, P., Hutterli, M.,
Stocker, T., Ruth, U., Steffensen, J., and Maggi, V.: Dust-climate couplings
over the past 800 000 years from the EPICA Dome C ice core, Nature, 452,
616–619, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06763, 2008.
Lamy, F., Kaiser, J., Ninnemann, U., Hebbeln, D., Arz, H. W., and Stoner, J.:
Antarctic timing of surface water changes off Chile and Patagonian Ice Sheet
response, Science, 304, 1959–1962, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097863, 2004.
Lamy, F., Arz, H. W., Kilian, R., Lange, C. B., Lembke-Jene, L., Wengler, M.,
Kaiser, J., Baeza-Urrea, O., Hall, I. R., Harada, N., and Tiedemann, R.:
Glacial reduction and millennial scale variations in Drake Passage
throughflow, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 13496–13501, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509203112, 2015.
Laugénie, C.: La Région des Lacs, Chili Meridional, PhD diss.,
Universit de Bordeaux, France, 1982.
Lifton, N., Sato, T., and Dunai, T.: Scaling in situ cosmogenic nuclide
production rates using analytical approximations to atmospheric cosmic-ray
fluxes, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 386, 149–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.052, 2014.
Lovejoy, S. and Lambert, F.: Spiky fluctuations and scaling in high-resolution EPICA ice core dust fluxes, Clim. Past, 15, 1999–2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1999-2019, 2019.
Lowell, T. V., Heusser, C. J., Andersen, B. G., Moreno, P. I., Hauser, A.,
Heusser, L. E., Schlüchter, C., Marchant, D. R., and Denton, G. H.:
Interhemispheric correlation of late Pleistocene glacial events, Science,
269, 1541–1549, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5230.1541, 1995.
Luebert, F. and Pliscoff, P.: Sinopsis bioclimática y vegetacional de
Chile, Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, Chile, ISBN 956-11-1832-7, 2006.
Lüthgens, C., Neuhuber, S., Grupe, S., Payer, T., Peresson, M., and Fiebig, M.: Geochronological investigations using a combination of luminescence and
cosmogenic nuclide burial dating of drill cores from the Vienna Basin,
Z. Dtsch. Ges. Geowiss., 168, 115–140, https://doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/2017/0081, 2017.
Maizels, J.: Lithofacies variations within sandur deposits: the role of
runoff regime, flow dynamics and sediment supply characteristics,
Sediment. Geol., 85, 299–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(93)90090-R, 1993.
Manger, G. E.: Porosity and bulk density of sedimentary rocks, USGS
Publications Warehouse, Washington D.C., Bulletin 1144-E, 55 pp., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1144E, 1963.
Mayr, C., Stojakowits, P., Lempe, B., Blaauw, M., Diersche, V., Grohganz,
M., López Correa, M., Ohlendorf, C., Reimer, P., and Zolitschka, B.:
High-resolution geochemical record of environmental changes during MIS 3
from the northern Alps (Nesseltalgraben, Germany), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 218, 122–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.013, 2019.
Mejdahl, V.: Thermoluminescence dating: beta attenuation in quartz grains,
Achaeometry, 21, 61–73, 1979.
Mendelová, M., Hein, A. S., Rodés, A., and Xu, S.: Extensive mountain
glaciation in central Patagonia during marine isotope stage 5, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 227, 105996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105996, 2020.
Menzies, J.: Strain pathways, till internal architecture and microstructures
– perspectives on a general kinematic model – a “blueprint” for till
development, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 50, 105–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.07.012, 2012.
Menzies, J., van der Meer, J. J. M., and Rose, J.: Till – as a glacial
“tectomict”, its internal architecture, and the development of a
“typing” method for till differentiation, Geomorphology, 75, 172–200,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.02.017, 2006.
Mercer, J. H.: Chilean glacial chronology 20 000 to 11 000 carbon – 14 years ago: some global comparisons, Science 172, 1118–1120, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.176.4039.1118, 1972.
Mercer, J. H.: Glacial history of southernmost South America, Quaternary Res., 6, 125–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(76)90047-8, 1976.
Miall, A. D.: Architectural-Element Analysis: A New Method of Facies
Analysis Applied to Fluvial Deposits, Earth-Sci. Rev., 22, 261–308,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(85)90001-7, 1985.
Miall, A. D.: The Geology of Fluvial Deposits: Sedimentary facies, basin
analysis and petroleum geology, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 582 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03237-4, 2006.
Miller, J. H.: The climate of Chile, in: Climates of Central and South America, edited by: Schwerdtfeger, W., World Survey of
Climatology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 113–145, 1976.
NASA JPL: NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Global 1 arc second,
NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/MEaSUREs/SRTM/SRTMGL1.003, 2013.
Nishiizumi, K., Imamura, M., Caffee, M. W., Southon, J. R., Finkel, R. C.,
and McAninch, J.: Absolute calibration of Be-10 AMS standards,
Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 258, 403–413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.297, 2007.
Parducci, L., Jorgensen, T., Tollefsrud, M. M., Elverland, E., Alm, T., Fontana, S. L., Bennett, K. D., Haile, J., Matetovici, I., Suyama, Y., Edwards, M. E., Andersen, K., Rasmussen, M., Boessenkool, S., Coissac, E., Brochmann, C., Taberlet, P., Houmark-Nielsen, M., Larsen, N. K., Orlando, L., Gilbert, M. T. P, Kjær, K. H., Greve, Alsos, I. G., and Willerslev, E.:
Glacial survival of boreal trees in northern Scandinavia, Science, 335,
1083–1086, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1216043., 2012.
Parrenin, F., Masson-Delmotte, V., Koehller, P., Raynud, D., Paillard, D., Schwander, J., Barbante, C., Landais, A., Wegner, A., and Jouzel, J.: Synchronous change of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature during the last deglacial warming, Science, 339, 1060–1063, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226368, 2013.
Porter, S.: Pleistocene Glaciations in the Southern Lake District of Chile,
Quaternary Res., 8, 2–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90013-2, 1981.
Prescott, J. and Hutton J.: Cosmic ray distributions to dose rates for
luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term variations,
Radiat. Meas., 23, 497–500, https://doi.org/10.1016/1350-4487(94)90086-8, 1994.
Prescott, J. and Stephan, L.: The contribution of cosmic radiation to the
environmental dose for thermoluminescent dating – Latitude, altitude and
depth dependencies, PACT. Revue du Groupe Européen d'Etudes pour les Techniques Physiques, Chimiques et Mathématiques Appliquées à l'Archéologie, 6, 17–25, 1982.
Preusser, F., Degering, D., Fuchs, M., Hilgers, A., Kadereit, A., Klasen, N., Krbetschek, M., Richter, D., and Spencer, J. Q. G.: Luminescence dating: basics, methods and applications, E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 57, 95–149, https://doi.org/10.3285/eg.57.1-2.5, 2008.
Putnam, A. E., Schaefer, J. M., Denton, G. H., Barrell, D. J. A., Birkel, S. D., Andersen, B. G., Kaplan, M. R., Finkel, R. C., Schwartz, R., and Doughty, A. M.: The Last Glacial Maximum at 44∘ S documented by a 10BE moraine chronology at Lake Ohau, Southern Alps of New Zealand, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 62, 114–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.10.034, 2013.
Rhodes, E.: Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating of Sediments over the
Past 200 000, Annu. Rev. Earth. Pl. Sc., 39, 461–488,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133425, 2011.
Rodés, Á., Pallàs, R., Braucher, R., Moreno, X., Masana, E.,
and Bourlés, D. L.: Effect of density uncertainties in cosmogenic 10BE
depth-profiles: dating a cemented Pleistocene alluvial fan (Carboneras
Fault, SE Iberia), Quat. Geochronol., 6, 186–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2010.10.004, 2011.
Roig, F. A., Le-Quesne, C., Boninsegna, J. A., Briffa, K. R., Lara, A., Grudd, H., Jones, P. D., and Villagrán, C.: Climate variability 50 000 years ago in
mid-latitide Chile as reconstructed from tree rings, Nature, 410, 567–570,
https://doi.org/10.1038/35069040, 2001.
Sagredo, E. A., Moreno, P. I., Villa-Martinez, R., Kaplan, M. R., Kubik, P. W., and Stern, C. R.: Fluctuations of the Última Esperanza ice lobe (52∘ S), Chilean Patagonia, during the last glacial maximum and termination 1, Geomorphology, 125, 92–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.09.007, 2011.
Schaefer, J. M., Putnam, A. E., Denton, G. H., Kaplan, M. R., Birkel, S., Ninneman, U. S., Barker, S., Schwartz, R., Andersen, B. J., and Schluechter, C.: The southern glacial maximum 65 000 years ago and its unfinished termination, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 114, 52–60,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.02.009, 2015.
Shackleton, N. J., Hall, M. A., and Vincent, E.: Phase relationships between
millennial-scale events 64 000–24 000 years ago, Paleoceanography, 15,
565–569, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000513, 2000.
Shulmeister, J., Thackray, G. D., Rieser, U., Hyatt, O. M., Rother, H., Smart, C. C., and Evans, D. J.: The stratigraphy, timing and climatic implications of
glaciolacustrine deposits in the middle Rakaia Valley, South Island, New
Zealand, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 2362–2381, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.004, 2010.
Smedley, R. K., Glasser, N. F., and Duller, G. A. T.: Luminescence dating of glacial advances at Lago Buenos Aires (∼ 46∘ S), Patagonia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 134, 59–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.010, 2016.
Strub, P. T., Mesias, J. M., Montecino, V., Ruttlant, J., and Salinas, S.:
Coastal ocean circulation off western South America, in: The Global Coastal
Ocean: Regional Studies and Synthesis, edited by: Robinson, A. R. and Brink
K. H., John Wiley, New York, USA, 273–315, 1998.
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J., and Reimer, R. W.: CALIB 7.1 [WWW program], available at: http://calib.org, last access: 16 April 2020.
Sugden, D. E., McCulloch, R. D., Bory, A. J.-M., and Hein, A. S.: Influence of
Patagonian glaciers on Antarctic dust deposition during the last glacial
period, Nat. Geosci., 2, 281–285, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo474, 2009.
Villagrán, C.: Expansion of Magellanic moorland during the Late
Pleistocene: palynological evidence from northern Isla Grande de Chiloé,
Quaternary Res., 30, 304–314, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90006-3, 1988.
Villagrán, C.: Glacial, Late-Glacial, and Post-Glacial climate and
vegetation of the Isla Grande de Chiloé, Southern Chile (41–44∘ S), Quat. S. Am. A., 8, 1–15, 1990.
Villagrán, C., León, A., and Roig, F. A.: Paleodistribución del
alerce y ciprés de las Guaitecas durante períodos interestadiales
de la Glaciación Llanquihue: provincias de Llanquihue y Chiloé,
Región de Los Lagos, Chile, Rev. Geol. Chile, 31,
133–151, https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-02082004000100008, 2004.
Villagrán, C., Abarzúa, A. M., and Armesto, J.: Nuevas evidencias
paleobotánicas y filogeográficas en torno a la historia Cuaternaria
de los bosques subtropical-templados de la Cordillera de la Costa de Chile,
in: Biodiversidad y Ecología de
los bosques costeros de Chile, edited by: Smith-Ramirez, C. and Squeo, F., Editorial Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile, 3–21, 2019.
WAIS Divide Project Members: Precise interpolar phasing of abrupt climate
change during the last ice age, Nature, 520, 661–665, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14401, 2015.
Williams, P. W., McGlone, M., Neil, H., and Zhao, J.-X.: A review of New Zealand
palaeoclimate from the last interglacial to the global last glacial maximum,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 110, 92–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.017, 2015.
Wintle, A.: Anomalous Fading of Thermo-luminescence in Mineral Samples,
Nature, 245, 143–144, https://doi.org/10.1038/245143a0, 1973.
Wintle, A.: Luminescence dating: where it has been and where it is going,
Boreas, 37, 471–482, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00059.x, 2008.
Short summary
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) about 21 kyr ago is known to have been global in extent. Nonetheless, we have limited knowledge during the pre-LGM time in the southern middle latitudes. If we want to understand the causes of the ice ages, the complete glacial period must be addressed. In this paper, we show that the Patagonian Ice Sheet in southern South America reached its full glacial extent also by 57 kyr ago and defies a climate explanation.
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) about 21 kyr ago is known to have been global in extent....
